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Coverage · Levant

Relationship record

Jordan and the Levant → Israel and the Levant

A treaty that delivers Jordan water through Israel, and a gas contract that stopped when Israel shut its fields in 2026.

Economic dependency Since 1994-10-26

Active
Assessed as of
2026-04
Last reviewed
2026-10-11

AssessmentModerate confidence

A described arrangement, not a rating. Vigil publishes no measure of how strong, warm or hostile a relationship is, and no relationship on this site carries a score, a trend or a direction of travel. What is recorded is what the arrangement covers, when it began, what has changed it, and how firmly each of those is established.

Jordan and the LevantEconomically dependent onIsrael and the LevantRelied on economically by
In short

Jordan receives water from Israel under the 1994 peace treaty's water annex and buys gas from Israel's Leviathan field. Both run through Israel, and the gas stopped when Israel shut Leviathan on the first day of the 2026 war, with power shortfalls reported in Jordan.

Israel and the Levant relied on economically by Jordan and the Levant. A directional arrangement: the two parties do not hold the same position in it. Authored once and read from both ends.

The arrangement

Status
ActiveIn force and operating. Says nothing about how well it is working, or about which way it is heading.
What it covers
EnergyTradeInfrastructureLegal and treatyCategories the arrangement is documented to include. Not a measure: a relationship covering more of them is described in more detail, not held more firmly.

Summary

The Treaty of Peace of 26 October 1994 allocates the waters of the Yarmouk and the Jordan in its Annex II: Israel pumps 12 MCM from the Yarmouk in summer and 13 MCM in winter, concedes a further 20 MCM in winter, and in exchange delivers 20 MCM to Jordan in summer from the Jordan River above Deganya. Storage of Jordanian winter water in Lake Tiberias is commonly cited as a further provision. A 2021 agreement added a sale of 50 MCM a year. Leviathan has supplied Jordan's national electricity company under a 2016 contract. On 28 February 2026 Israel shut Leviathan and Karish as a precaution; Leviathan restarted after about a month, and power shortfalls were reported in Jordan and Egypt. Project Prosperity, the 2022 plan to trade Jordanian solar power for Israeli desalinated water, was set aside when Jordan said in November 2023 that it would not sign.

Why it matters

Jordan is the other side of the West Bank's only crossing abroad, the Allenby / King Hussein Bridge, and it depends on Israel for part of its water and power. That dependence is standing context for Jordan's responses to Israeli policy in the West Bank, and the 2026 shutdown showed it can be interrupted by a war Jordan is not party to.

Agreements

  • Treaty of Peace between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Annex II (water) · signed 1994-10-26

    UN Treaty Series vol. 2042, No. I-35325. Article 6 and Annex II set the Yarmouk and Jordan allocations and the summer delivery to Jordan; the annex's storage, additional-water and Joint Water Committee provisions were not re-read at P2.

Related events

What remains unknown

  • The 2016 gas contract and the 2021 water sale are not published texts; their terms are those reported.
  • Whether treaty water deliveries continued unchanged through 2026 is not established from any source read.

Readings the evidence also supports

  • The arrangements can be read as Jordan's dependence on Israel, or as mutual: Israel's eastern border and the Allenby crossing rely on Jordan's cooperation. This record carries the economic direction only.

Listed because the record's own assessment is not the only one its sources permit — not as a hedge on the assessment above.

All Levant relationships Open in Explore

Sensitivity: public-contextual Confidence: Moderate Sources: Treaty and agreement texts — Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and neighbours↗ · Established international media reporting · Established historical record Methodology Corrections

Assessed as of — 2026-04 Last reviewed — 2026-10-11