What happened
Israel launches an air campaign against Hezbollah across Lebanon on 23 September 2024 under the name "Northern Arrows". Hezbollah's Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah is killed in an Israeli strike in Beirut's southern suburbs on 27 September, and Israeli ground operations in southern Lebanon begin on 1 October.
The campaign removed much of Hezbollah's senior leadership and broke its linkage of the Lebanon front to Gaza, producing the November 2024 cessation that Hezbollah did not sign. Naim Qassem has led the organisation since, and the 2025 Lebanese arms-monopoly decisions were taken against a weakened Hezbollah.
Confidence: High
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