What happened
The Saudi Crown Prince and Prime Minister, the Turkish President and the Pakistani Prime Minister sign the Makkah Joint Defence Agreement at Al-Safa Palace in Mecca. The summit joint statement, published by all three governments, says the agreement is intended to strengthen collective deterrence against any act of aggression, stipulates that any armed attack against any one of the three states shall be regarded as an attack against them all, and provides for developing all aspects of defence cooperation between them. The agreement text is not published. Turkish officials stated publicly that the pact is not directed at any specific party and is open to other states.
The most significant new security arrangement a Gulf state entered during the war was made outside the Gulf Cooperation Council, in the same month the Council's own leaders called for faster military integration. TWO THINGS ARE TRUE AT ONCE AND ARE KEPT APART HERE: the three governments' own summit statement says that an armed attack against any one of the three shall be regarded as an attack against them all, so the collective-defence undertaking is official rather than secondary-only; and the agreement text itself has not been published, so what follows from that undertaking — what response is owed, by whom, decided how — is not established by any source read.
Confidence: High
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