沙烏地阿拉伯 — 土耳其與海灣

摘要

The Saudi Crown Prince and Prime Minister and the Turkish President signed the Makkah Joint Defence Agreement at Al-Safa Palace on 7 August 2026, alongside the Pakistani Prime Minister. The joint statement of the summit, published by the Saudi Press Agency and by the Pakistani foreign ministry, says the agreement is intended to strengthen collective deterrence against any act of aggression, stipulates that any armed attack against any one of the three states shall be regarded as an attack against them all, and provides for developing all aspects of defence cooperation. On 31 August the two states' foreign ministers, defence ministers and chiefs of general staff met in Istanbul with Pakistan's as the agreement's Strategic Political and Defence Committee; their joint statement, issued by the Turkish foreign ministry, records an intention to institutionalise cooperation further, a Secretariat to be headquartered in Saudi Arabia under a Secretary General with Pakistan providing the first holder for three years, and commitments on defence-industry cooperation, joint technology development and production, interoperability and cohesion between the three armed forces. Turkish officials have stated publicly that the pact is not directed at any specific party and is open to other states, and that the degree, form and format of any response would be settled by consultation. On 24 September the three foreign ministers, meeting in New York, agreed to convene their chiefs of staff to explore ways to assist Saudi Arabia under the agreement, which Türkiye described as technical negotiations; on 25 September the chiefs met in Riyadh and pledged intelligence cooperation, military coordination and the integration of defence capabilities. It is the first consultation held under the agreement; no invocation, contribution or command arrangement was announced. Foreign Minister Fidan has said Türkiye would have no problem meeting Saudi military needs in certain technical areas. The agreement text has not been released.

為何重要

The most significant new security arrangement a Gulf state entered during the war was made outside the Gulf Cooperation Council, with a state that is not a member of it, in the same month the Council's own leaders called for faster military integration. Whether such arrangements supplement the Council or displace it is a question this module tracks rather than answers. What the September 2026 attacks on Saudi territory added is a second question the record now carries: whether the institutions agreed in Istanbul acquire a procedure that produces an identifiable trilateral response, or remain a forum beside the bilateral and maritime arrangements that are doing the work.

協議

• 麥加聯合防禦協議 · 簽署於2026-08-07

  Signed at the Makkah Al-Mukarramah summit for joint defence by Saudi Arabia, Türkiye and Pakistan. The collective-defence undertaking recorded here is the parties' own published statement of it; the agreement text has not been released and no operative term is recorded.

相關事件

• 沙烏地阿拉伯、土耳其與巴基斯坦簽署麥加聯合防禦協議 2026年8月7日

  外交 · 軍事

• 麥加協議的政治與防務委員會首次開會 2026年8月31日

  外交 · 軍事

• 本輪衝突中胡塞組織對沙烏地領土最猛烈的一波攻擊 2026年9月8日，持續至10月3日

  Military · Energy

• 麥加協議各國參謀總長在利雅德就支援沙烏地阿拉伯舉行會議 2026年9月23日 – 25日

  軍事 · 外交

仍然未知的事項

• The agreement text has not been published. The collective-defence undertaking is official — it appears in the three governments' joint summit statement — but what it requires of a signatory, on what threshold and by what decision procedure, is not established by any source read.
• The Istanbul joint statement names a Secretariat and a Secretary General but no consultation procedure, threshold, command arrangement or force allocation. No such machinery has been published since.
• No formal invocation of the agreement by any signatory has been publicly reported as of 26 September 2026. The first trilateral consultation held under it — the chiefs of staff in Riyadh on 25 September — named areas of cooperation and no contribution, threshold or procedure; the Associated Press reported on 16 September that Turkish officials had received no Saudi request under the agreement.
• The agreement is trilateral. Its Türkiye–Pakistan limb has no Gulf party and is outside this module's boundary; it is not authored, and the module makes no claim about it.
• Whether the agreement carries any duration or withdrawal provision is unknown.