What happened
The foreign ministers, defence ministers and chiefs of general staff of Saudi Arabia, Türkiye and Pakistan meet in Istanbul as the Strategic Political and Defence Committee of the Makkah Agreement for Joint Defence. Their joint statement records an intention to institutionalise cooperation further, the establishment of a Secretariat headquartered in Saudi Arabia and headed by a Secretary General, with Pakistan providing the first holder for a three-year term, and commitments to defence-industry cooperation, joint technology development and production, interoperability and cohesion between the three armed forces.
THE AGREEMENT ACQUIRED INSTITUTIONS BEFORE IT ACQUIRED A TESTED PROCEDURE. This is the record that makes "three leaders signed a declaration" an inadequate description of the Makkah agreement — and it is also the record that shows what the joint statement does not contain: no consultation procedure, no threshold, no command arrangement, no allocation of forces. Eight days later came the first attacks on a signatory's territory, and there was no published mechanism to run them through.
Confidence: High
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