What happened
President al-Sharaa and SDF commander Mazloum Abdi sign a framework integrating the SDF and northeast institutions into the state — border crossings, oil fields and airports to transfer by year's end, Kurdish rights recognised. Implementation stalls through 2025 over centralisation versus decentralised governance.
The framework established the principle of integration but not its terms — and its stall is what the January 2026 fighting and the second, harder agreement resolved. The gap between the two agreements measures what the SDF lost in between.
Confidence: High
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